The state of water in the green industry, part 2

Maximizing the efficiency of crop water application is a practical way to extend finite water supplies. Increasing water efficiency, so plants use most or all of the water applied, minimizes the introduction of agrichemicals to water containment ponds and the environment while reducing energy (i.e. electric) and other inputs used to move, filter and treat irrigation water before re-application. Placing the correct amount of water directly on the intended crop increases the profitability of your nursery and greenhouse operation, via enhanced resource efficiency (water, energy, fertilizer and herbicide). Taking the initiative to increase water use efficiency now is a proactive step toward meeting the water availability and regulation challenges of the future.

Design considerations
Water-use efficiency begins with irrigation design. The first choice is that of application method, whether overhead (impact or boom), drip or micro-irrigation (i.e. spray stakes) etc. Drip or micro-irrigation systems apply water directly to the container substrate and are the most efficient in terms of water application; however, these systems typically require higher time inputs for management and maintenance. Drip or spray stakes are recommended for size #5 or #7 containers or greater, as these larger containers typically cover only 9-35 percent of the production area. Utilizing micro-irrigation reduces both the total volume pumped, and volume pumped at any one time, resulting in lower capacity demand or being able to irrigate more areas at a given time. Overhead irrigation is more economical for #5 containers or smaller, because plant densities and interception efficiencies are higher. Overhead systems provide head-to-head coverage using partial and full arc heads, with matched precipitation rates (the same amount of water is applied regardless of arc), minimizing water application to roads and non-crop areas. Ideally, risers should be no higher than six feet and sized to produce larger droplet sizes that reduce the impact of wind and evaporation.

Uniformity distribution is measured using plastics cups simultaneously with measurement of canopy interception.

System maintenance
The next step in efficient irrigation is regular maintenance and audits of your irrigation system. Maintenance entails fixing broken sprinklers, checking orifice sizes and replacing worn nozzles, ensuring risers are vertical, confirming emitters and spray-stakes are working properly, and keeping a running log of water meters to locate hidden leaks. Performing irrigation audits is more time intensive. A system assessment begins with a system in good working order, as outlined above. A free tutorial on running an irrigation audit can be found at www.waternut.org/moodle (“Irrigation System Audits” under “Management Tools”). Uniformity audits can be evaluated on a drip, boom, microsprinkler or overhead irrigation system, and will give you an idea of irrigation application efficiency in a given production area. The more uniform your irrigation system is within a block, the less time you need to irrigate the driest area to ensure the crop is adequately watered. Acceptable uniformity is 80 percent or greater. For example, let’s assume you have to run your irrigation system for an extra 30 minutes to get the driest 30 percent of your block wet. During those 30 minutes, you are wasting water for 70 percent of your block. By increasing your uniformity, you are saving water on the 70 percent of your block that you were initially overwatering. Inefficient irrigation (over-applying, under-applying, or misapplying) does not just waste water. A host of additional problems can be magnified through poor water management including algae and pest-management problems, leaching fertilizers and increased disease pressure. A national irrigation survey was conducted in 2012, and growers reported testing uniformity on 6.2 percent of the acres reported. More than 73 percent of the acreage reported was overhead irrigated, which could benefit from an audit.

A major part of efficient irrigation is regular maintenance and audits of your irrigation system.

Proper scheduling
The last step to water efficiency is proper irrigation scheduling; applying only the amount of water that can be held in the crops’ root zone until the next irrigation or rainfall event. Traditionally, irrigation scheduling is based on a mixture of knowledge and experience. Growers look for signs of wilt, feel a container’s relative weight, use a soil moisture probe, or look at the roots to estimate dryness of the soil or substrate. These methods only provide an approximate indication of when to water, and do not indicate how much to water. Many growers determine irrigation length based on a clock (i.e. 1 hour) or application rate (i.e. 0.5 acre-inches). Leaching fractions (water leached ÷ total water applied) integrate production factors (e.g. crop, substrate, container size, and effect of the canopy) with water application volume and provide valuable information that can improve watering efficiency. Recommended target leaching fractions are < 20 percent. For more on leaching fractions, go to www.waternut.org/moodle (“Best Management Practices: Overhead Irrigation” under “Irrigation Management”).

Methods of collecting leaching fraction.

Emerging technology
Imagine quickly and easily monitoring plant root-zone moisture and automatically operating DC or AC solenoids to irrigate a block of plants with the correct amount of water as needed. Emerging technologies can also be used to remotely monitor real-time soil moisture levels, as well as provide weather, soil temperature, flow meter and other sensor-based data. In addition, new sensor-based systems allow for soils or substrates to be kept at a specified soil moisture level automatically, regardless of changing conditions. Research has determined that saving water is only the proverbial tip of the iceberg, because water costs are only a small percentage of overall production costs. The SCRI-MINDS project (Managing Irrigation and Nutrition via Distributed Sensing; www.smart-farms.net/impacts) has reported increased plant growth rates and reduced production times when irrigation is more in sync with actual plant requirements. Preliminary data indicate a dramatic reduction of plant losses after adoption of a sensor-driven irrigation management, likely because of reduced root disease pressure. The benefits of sensor-based irrigation management are similar to compound interest with your savings account: good decisions made on a frequent basis are likely to lead to multiple benefits, because the plant has optimal growing conditions for an extended period of time. The return on investment for these networks has been a few months to less than two years, depending on the type of operation and the value of the crop.

There are a number of ways that irrigation can be better managed, including increasing the efficiency of current systems, investing in precision irrigation systems and using decision-based tools to irrigate based on knowledge of plant water use. Increasing efficiency not only saves you money, but it also produces better plants with relatively small investments in time and technology.

This is the second of a three-part series that examines irrigation and water use in the green industry.

John Majsztrik is a post-doctorate researcher at the University of Maryland, jcmajsz@umd.edu. Sarah White is assistant professor, Nursery Extension Specialist at Clemson University, swhite4@clemson.edu. Jim Owen is assistant professor, Nursery Crops Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), nsy.prod@vt.edu. John Lea-Cox is professor and nursery research extension specialist at the University of Maryland, jlc@umd.edu.